When was fiberglass created

Such waste may require reprocessing and remelting before reusing as a raw material. Several manufacturers are already addressing these issues. Aubourg, P. Crall, J.

Hadley, R. Kaverman, and D. ASM International, , pp. McLellan, G. Glass Engineering Handbook. McGraw-Hill, Pfaender, H. Schott Guide To Glass. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Tooley, F. Hnat, J. Webb, R. Toggle navigation. Made How Volume 2 Fiberglass Fiberglass. Periodicals Hnat, J. Other articles you might like:.

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It seems this is your first time logging in online. Please enter the following information to continue. As an ACS member you automatically get access to this site. All we need is few more details to create your reading experience. Not you? Sign in with a different account. Need Help? Membership Categories. Regular or Affiliate Member. Graduate Student Member. Undergraduate Student Member. Advances in winding have enabled producers to triple efficiency. In the final stage, a chemical coating, or size, is applied.

Although the terms binder, size and sizing often are used interchangeably in the industry, size is the correct term for the coating applied, and sizing is the process used to apply it. Size is typically added at 0. The lubricants help to protect the filaments from abrading and breaking as they are collected and wound into forming packages and, later, when they are processed by weavers or other converters into fabrics or other reinforcement forms.

Coupling agents cause the fiber to have an affinity for a particular resin chemistry, improving resin wetout and strengthening the adhesive bond at the fiber-matrix interface. Some size chemistries are compatible only with polyester resin and some only with epoxy while others may be used with a variety of resins.

PPG believes that in many composite applications, performance can be achieved via size chemistry as effectively as, if not more than, glass batch chemistry.

For example, its size chemistry used with HYBON products for wind blades reportedly achieves an order of magnitude improvement in blade fatigue life by improving fiber wet out and fiber adhesion to all resin types. Finally, the drawn, sized filaments are collected together into a bundle, forming a glass strand composed of 51 to 1, filaments. The strand is wound onto a drum into a forming package that resembles a spool of thread.

The forming packages, still wet from water cooling and sizing, are then dried in an oven, and afterward they are ready to be palletized and shipped or further processed into chopped fiber, roving or yarn. Roving is a collection of strands with little or no twist.

An assembled roving, for example, made from 10 to 15 strands wound together into a multi-end roving package, requires additional handling and processing steps. Yarn is made from one or more strands, which may be twisted to protect the integrity of the yarn during subsequent processing operations, such as weaving.

Although the basic glass fiber process has changed little since its commercialization 80 years ago, it has undergone many refinements. Manufacturers continue to push forward on both fronts see the "Glass Fiber: The Market" sidebars, below in their pursuit of ever-newer applications for fiberglass-reinforced composite.

Thirty years ago, glass reinforcements for composites were of mainly two types: E-glass and S-glass. The ASTM standards that regulate glass type definition essentially outline the constituent materials, not the final properties required. Thus, a change in glass type indicates a discrete composition of raw ingredients, which may include a variety of elements see chart above. Responding to market demands for higher properties, tailored performance for specific applications and lower cost, glass fiber manufacturers now offer a number of more specifically targeted product types.

One example is a trend in E-glass manufacturing toward the removal of boron. Although boron facilitates fiberization see main article, above , it is expensive and produces undesirable emissions. Its removal has reduced cost and ensures a more environmentally friendly glass fiber.

Its first iteration, in the s, was a response to a market need for even higher corrosion-resistance coupled with good electrical performance.

However, because its original patented E-CR glass was difficult to make, and thus more expensive to end-users, OCV developed Advantex, which is more cost-effective to produce, thanks to a lower-cost, boron-free batch composition and the elimination of scrubbers and other environmental equipment previously required to capture boron emissions.

American Cyanamid produced the direct forerunner of todays polyester resin in As early as , Owens-Corning was producing fiberglass and polyester airplane parts for the war effort.

These were low pressure plastic laminates made from the patented Fiberglass cloth impregnated with the resin. The earliest reference to a composite boat having been made was around , made by Ray Greene.

Ray had been working with Owens Corning on fiberglass composites. While he did make a composite sailboat, he did not attempt to capitalize upon the idea, because he was looking for just the right plastic for the resin of the composite. And, today, almost every family in America has some sort of fiberglass item.