The future apartment complex must meet the state and federal safety standards. The life boats must be able to hold enough people. The life boats must be able to hold people each.
The next product must be appealing to the eyes. The next product must be appe aling to the ey es of Latino women 0 years of age. The next IKEA desk must be easily manufactured. The next IKEA desk must be able to be mass produced. The next bridge must accommodate the current traffic pattern. The next bridge must be able to accommodate at least cars per hour. The communication tower must be tall.
The communication tower must be at least feet high. The next Craftsman tool must be me made out of metal. The next Craftsman tool must be made out of high-carbon tool steel. The next elevator must hold a lot of weight. The next elevator must be able to hold at least lbs. Each new roof truss must be able to withstand a lot of force.
Each part of the new roof truss must be able to withstand at least N. The next light bulb must be a standard size. The next light bulb must screw into an Edison 27mm light socket. The new farming system must adhere to common ethics. The new farming system must adhere to the ethical treatment of animals. The new jet's pilot controls must be ergonomic. The new jet's pilot controls must be ergonomically acceptable to allow the average pilots' hands to easily manipulate them comfortably.
General Example of Constrain ts. Specific Examples of Constr ai nts. The team is limited to the time it has to create their product. The team is limited to 3 hours and 15 minutes to create their product. Materials a. The engineers are limited to certain materials to build their bridge. The engineers are limited to using s teel to build their bridge. Materials b. The designers have limited modeling materials.
The designers are limited to cardboard, hot glue, and Styrofoam to create their model. Man Power. The contractors have a limited number of workers to complete the project. The contractors are limi ted to 4 workers to complete the project. Size a. The house has a limited amount of land it can be built on. The house is limited to 10, square feet.
Size b. The Rube Goldberg contraption is limited to the size of a platform it sits on. The Rube Goldberg contraption is limited to a 2' x 3' platform to sit on.
The designers have limited tools to use to create their model and prototype. The designers are limited to hot glue guns, X-Acto knives, pliers, and drills to create their model and prototypes.
The final product is limited to how heavy it can be. The final product is limited to Elements of Design. The new logo is limited to specific colors. The new logo is limited to blue and gold.
In this section, we go through an example of a team using the design process. This section provides more detail about the steps of the sequential design process. Problem definition is one of the most critical steps in the design process.
Since the design team trying to solve this problem will expend a significant effort, it is very important that the problem being addressed is actually the problem that is important to potential customers.
It is also important that the problem be clearly defined and understood by the design team. Many techniques can be used to clearly define and understand the problem.
These techniques include:. The SCV design team began by gathering information about the issues associated with vehicular commuting and traffic congestion.
They found and read several government reports. They interviewed various stakeholders in the commuting problem; these included people who commute to and from work in their car each day, officials from state and local departments of transportation, and representatives of environmental groups. They also used their own experience as commuters. The problem statement is used as a starting point to develop an understanding of the characteristics of a good solution. These characteristics are described in terms of constraints and criteria.
A constraint is a limitation or condition that must be satisfied by a design. A criterion is a standard or attribute of a design that can be measured. The constraints and criteria are used in subsequent steps of the design process to determine which of many possible designs should be implemented.
With criteria and constraints identified, the design team begins to generate concepts for the design. This is the step in which creativity plays a very important role—good designs are often very different from existing solutions to a problem.
In addition to creativity, the design team must use discipline to ensure that they explore enough options and potential solutions to guarantee a good design. Therefore, it is important to use a structured process to generate concepts for a design. Many different processes could be used. The one presented here is adapted and simplified from Product Design and Development by Eppinger and Ulrich. It includes the steps of problem decomposition, searching externally and internally for ideas, and systematically exploring possibilities.
When a design problem is complex, it can be very beneficial to decompose the problem into subproblems. Subproblems are smaller problems that must be solved in order to solve the overall problem. Once the problem is decomposed into subproblems, the design team can begin to search for ideas to solve each subproblem.
One source of ideas is to look at existing products and ideas to see whether there are already solutions to the overall problem or the identified subproblems. Sources of external information include interviews with potential customers or experts in the subproblem areas, patent and other technical databases, and existing products.
Much of this information is now available on the Internet. Searching internally for ideas is often called brainstorming.
In contrast, engineering design begins with a problem and proceeds to generate and test solutions until a preferred solution or solutions are reached. Whereas science seeks to understand, engineering seeks to meet people's needs.
The engineering design process usually begins by stating a need or want as a clearly defined challenge in the form of a statement with criteria and constraints. For example, a group of engineers might be given the task of designing, for example, a cell phone with a particular set of features, of a particular size and weight, with a certain minimum battery life, and that is able to be manufactured at a particular cost.
Criteria are characteristics of a successful solution, such as the desired function or a particular level of efficiency. Constraints are limitations on the design, such as available funds, resources, or time. Together, the criteria and constraints are referred to as the requirements for a successful solution.
Once the challenge is defined, the next steps are often to investigate relevant scientific and technical information and the way that similar challenges have been solved in the past and then to generate various possible solutions.
This generation of potential solutions is the most creative part of the design process and is often aided by sketching and discussion. Using a process of informed decision-making, the designer or design team compares different solutions to the requirements of the problem and either chooses the most promising solution or synthesizes several ideas into an even more promising potential solution.
The next step is usually to try out the solution by constructing a model, prototype first of its kind , or simulation and then testing it to see how well it meets the criteria and falls within the constraints. An additional characteristic of engineering design is that ideas are tested before investing too much time, money, or effort.
A person does not have to be an engineer to employ an engineering design process. Children can use this process to create a new toy, teachers can use it to plan a semester of lessons, and anyone can use it to address a need or desire encountered in everyday life.
The result of an engineering design process is not always a product. In some cases the result may be a process such as a chemical process for producing an improved paint or a system such as an airline control system or a railway schedule , or a computer program such as a video game or software to forecast the weather or model financial markets.
When designing, it is important to take into account the entire life cycle of the product or process, including maintenance, troubleshooting, potential failure modes, impacts on the environment, and effects on society. Designing usually concludes with a presentation to clients or other interested parties often classmates on the preferred solution.
Optimization, which is sometimes part of designing, means finding the best possible solution when some criterion or constraint is identified as the most important and others are given less weight.
For example, optimizing the design of a pen might mean designing for lowest cost, best ink flow, or best grip, but not all three. Optimizing the design of an airplane engine usually means maximizing safety. In some engineering disciplines the entire engineering process is referred to as "optimization under constraint.
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