The measured concentrations of formaldehyde in Russian De Andrade et al. Formaldehyde was determined in alcohol-based beverages including two vodka samples using flow injection analysis.
Formaldehyde was not detected in one sample, while in the other one, it was at the lowest level with respect to the other investigated alcohols De Oliveira et al. ICP-MS is a very sensitive technique with high precision, which can be employed to make concurrent determinations of multiple elements and selective determinations of specific isotopes of the same element in complex matrices. ICP-MS enabled detection of alkaline earth metals, e.
Moreover, studies aimed at assessing the influence of water hardness on the transparency of vodka were also conducted. The samples of tap water, artesian well water and commercial bottled water were analysed.
Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the transparency of vodka depends, to a large degree, on the type of water used in vodka production Krosnijs and Kuka The important stage of studies on vodkas involves distinguishing vodkas from other spirit-based beverages.
These studies allowed the determination of the unique composition of vodka which, in turn, enabled its appropriate identification. Distinguishing among alcohol-based beverages by means of an electronic nose can serve as an example of such investigations Ragazzo-Sanchez et al. The electronic nose is an analytical device for the fast detection and identification of odorant mixtures; its mode of operation mimics the human sense of smell.
The electronic nose usually employs specific chemical sensors which generate a characteristic aroma profile, a so-called fingerprint, in response to being exposed to the investigated gaseous mixture. The identification of mixture components is based on the comparison with reference profiles. Considering the mode of operation, the electronic nose is similar to the human nose. Conductometric sensors are the most frequently utilized.
Metal oxide semiconductor MOS type sensors are the most characteristic ones within this group. Electronic nose instruments based on sensors are not selective with respect to particular compounds. Each MOS-type sensor utilized in the electronic nose is selective with respect to a particular compound group, which yields a summary aroma profile characteristic for a given mixture.
Hence, the electronic nose instruments of this type are suitable for distinguishing the samples, which differ in aroma profile in a significant way. Application of the chemometric methods, which allow identification of the most important data allowing distinguishing the samples, increases the distinguishing abilities of the electronic nose instruments.
Ragazzo-Sanchez et al. It was demonstrated that vodkas are characterized by the poorest aroma profile, which translates into the lowest content of volatile substances. Based on the principal component analysis PCA , it was possible to divide the alcohols into groups. Only tequila and whiskey partially overlapped, while vodka formed a separate, easily distinguishable group Ragazzo-Sanchez et al.
It can be seen that the electronic nose based on MOS-type sensors enabled distinguishing the alcohol samples, which differ significantly between each other, especially in ethanol concentration. However, there were difficulties in distinguishing the samples exhibiting similar aroma profile. Electronic nose instrument was utilized for distinguishing 21 different alcohol-based beverages wine, beer, vodka, whisky and tequila.
In the case of investigation of only spirit-based beverages, both methods allowed distinguishing particular types of alcohol; however, DFA occurred to be better in this field. In both cases, vodkas were distinguished in the best way, whereas whisky and tequila products were very close to each other on the plots Ragazzo-Sanchez et al.
Similar research was conducted on vodka, gin, whiskey and brandy by applying sensory evaluation and spectral analysis Sujka et al. All samples were purchased in the stores in Warsaw. Sample preparation consisted of lyophilization which resulted in the removal of water and, consequently, in analyte enrichment.
The sensory evaluation was performed by profiling with the use of unipolar scale of categories evaluation of taste and smell , namely, a 7-point scale in which the highest value had been assigned to the highest intensity of the investigated quality. The team conducting the evaluation consisted of five trained persons. The vodkas were analysed with regard to the taste categories sweet, bitter and grassy as well as smell categories sharp, sweet and pear. In comparison to gins, vodkas had a more intense taste and smell; sharp smell and grassy taste were best detected.
Samples after lyophilization were analysed by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR. The obtained results were processed by using discriminant analysis which enables the identification or quality evaluation of an unknown sample. The task of distinguishing among the different types of alcohols was performed via ICP spectroscopy Kokkinofta et al. A total of 68 alcoholic beverages were analysed, which mainly consisted of different types of zivania and included only four samples of vodka from Russia and Sweden.
The obtained data were grouped by using canonical discriminant analysis CDA or classification binary trees CBT depending on the content of metals in samples. Thanks to the application of the aforementioned statistical methods, it was possible to distinguish between vodkas and other investigated beverages.
Vodkas are produced on a very large scale by various manufacturers, by different production methods and from diverse raw materials.
All the aforementioned factors influence the quality of products and, as a consequence, their price. Both the manufacturers and the clients expect that a given product will fulfil specific requirements which are important to them.
Due to the costs of alcohol production and prospective revenue from alcohol sales, the cases of falsification of alcohol-based products are frequent. It happens that higher-quality alcohols are substituted with cheaper and lower-quality ones, or raw materials other than the required ones are used in the production of high-quality alcohols. Such types of falsification have become the subject of research for many analytical chemists who employ various analytical techniques, e.
In order to determine the authenticity of a given product, it is often necessary to check the raw materials used in the production. Flow injection analysis—isotope ratio mass spectrometry FIA-IRMS was employed for the investigation of authenticity of 81 selected alcohol-based beverages including vodkas.
Botanic origin of the investigated samples was verified with this method. Eight out of 10 samples were classified as the vodkas produced from potatoes or from crops such as rye and wheat. The remaining two samples were classified as the ones produced from molasses, which is a by-product of sugar cane processing Jochmann et al.
This method is effective in investigation of botanic origin of the samples, which can be especially useful in the case of vodka, the producers of which provide its composition on labels. Reshetnikova et al. The investigated vodkas were made from the two types of spirit, i. Pure spirit of best quality, Extra and Lux; and Pure spirit of best quality and Extra. Among 12 analysed vodka types, only 1 was incorrectly classified into a better quality group Reshetnikova et al.
Similar research on the quality of ethanol used in vodka production was conducted by means of an electronic tongue Legin et al. The electronic tongue Fig. Its mode of operation is based on the human sense of taste. The electronic tongue can be applied to identify, classify and quantitatively and qualitatively analyse multicomponent mixtures by comparing the reference profiles with the profiles of investigated substances so-called fingerprint method.
Potentiometric sensors, especially ion-selective electrodes, are the most frequently applied sensors in the electronic tongue instruments. Legin et al. The data analysis was conducted by using partial least squares PLS regression, which allowed for distinguishing among the samples. Fourteen samples of vodka were analysed with regard to the prescribed quality standards.
Four vodkas fulfilling the standards and nine vodkas departing from the standards were selected. As in the case of analysed spirits, PLS regression enabled the identification of the investigated vodka types. Besides this analysis, a study aimed at distinguishing among vodka brands was also conducted.
Ten brands produced from ethanol of different quality, diluted with various water types and containing defined additives, e. The collected data were processed by PCA. Most of the vodkas were very well distinguished in the plotted graph, while some were too close to each other which had made the identification difficult. Nevertheless, this study demonstrated that the electronic tongue can be successfully used for identifying vodka brands Legin et al. The application of conductivity measurements to distinguish vodka brands was described by Lachenmeier et al.
According to the authors, each type of vodka displays a specific conductivity due to the raw materials and methods used in the production process. The authors also mentioned that the use of flavourings do not have a significant effect on the conductivity; therefore, the method can be used to distinguish among the vodka brands. In this study, vodkas originating from Russia, Poland, and Sweden and vodkas without the country of origin, but purchased in Germany were investigated.
Conductivity measurements allowed the identification of the analysed samples Lachenmeier et al. Research on vodka identification also employs chromatography, for example, the study of commercial vodkas from the USA and Canada Ng et al.
The analysed vodkas were produced from various raw materials. The authors distinguished between Canadian and American vodkas by using ethyl esters profiles and checking for the presence of compounds such as, 5-hydroxymethylfuraldehyde 5-HMF and triethyl citrate TEC. Lemonade has that free flow experimental feel to it.
Slices, chunks, rocks, umbrellas. Just what you need for an afternoon in the pool under the hot sun. Finally, how about vodka with ginger beer? This is one of our definite favourites. Not just any ginger beer though, or it might as well be lemonade. Pick a good quality brand that really brings out the distinctive character of the ginger. There are extras you can add to make this a unique vodka blend. How about a generous squeeze of lime. Or make that lemon, and throw in some Vermouth and creme de cacao to create a 20th Century Mule cocktail.
It is a Homogeneous mixture. It is an alloy, very probable not homogeneous. It is a heterogeneous mixture. Gatorade is a homogeneous mixture. The mixture is homogeneous. A heterogeneous mixture. It is a homogeneous mixture. A popsicle should be a homogeneous mixture not a heterogeneous mixture, it is a homogeneous mixture because it is the same all throughout.
Log in. Study now. See Answer. Best Answer. In homogeneous mixtures, you cannot pick out the individual components visually. Study guides. Q: Is vodka a homogeneous mixture Write your answer Related questions. Is vodka a homogeneous mixture or a compound? Helmenstine holds a Ph. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. Facebook Facebook Twitter Twitter.
Updated October 02, Key Takeaways: Mixture A mixture is formed by combining two or more materials. A homogeneous mixture appears uniform, regardless of where you sample it. A heterogeneous mixture contains particles of different shapes or sizes and the composition of one sample may differ from that of another sample.
Whether a mixture is heterogeneous or homogeneous depends on how closely you examine it. Sand may appear homogeneous from a distance, yet when you magnify it, it is heterogeneous.
Examples of homogeneous mixtures include air, saline solution, most alloys, and bitumen. Examples of heterogeneous mixtures include sand, oil and water, and chicken noodle soup.
Featured Video. Cite this Article Format. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph. Pure Substance Definition in Chemistry. Chemistry Scavenger Hunt Clues and Answers.
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